Ultra-compact magnetoelectric sensor for femto-Tesla VLF signal reception

Very low-frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves can penetrate dense, conductive media such as earth and saltwater, with minimal attenuation, enabling long-distance signal transmission via ionospheric reflection. These characteristics make VLF ideal for applications in submarine navigation, subterranean mapping, underground communication, and ionospheric remote sensing. Conventional VLF signal reception has relied on magnetic loop antennas due to their low noise performance; however, their large size and reduced sensitivity due to low quality factors (Q) limit their use in portable and compact applications, particularly in underwater and underground environments. To address these challenges, we propose an ultra-compact room-temperature extremely sensitive femto-tesla magnetic sensor based on a strain-mediated high-Q Metglas/Quartz magnetoelectric (ME) resonator operating at its electromechanical resonance (EMR) at 24.55 kHz for VLF signal reception. The Metglas/Quartz ME sensor demonstrates sensitivity and magnetic noise performance enhancement by an order of magnitude compared to conventional Metglas/PZT ME sensors, achieving an ultra-low equivalent magnetic noise level of 5 fT/Hz^1/2, owing to high magnetic permeability and magnetostriction of Metglas and the high quality factor of Quartz at EMR. Moreover, the Metglas/Quartz ME VLF receiver exhibits overwhelming near-field and far-field VLF signal reception capability, realizing a successful reception of a VLF signal ∼400 km away from the NAA VLF Transmitter Cutler, with a 55 dB signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. The demonstrated ultra-compact high-Q Metglas/Quartz ME sensor capable of femto-tesla VLF signal reception shows significant improvements in magnetic sensing capability, size, power consumption, and cost compared to traditional magnetic loop antennas, making it a promising solution for portable VLF signal reception in challenging environments.