Bio-based gold nanoparticles for environmental and forensic samples: State of the art with a sustainable way forward

The global emphasis on green nanotechnology has resulted in the ecological and physiological safe uses of nanomaterials. Several works have been performed on the biological, chemical, and physical production of metal nanoparticles. The safety and ease of synthesis of biological techniques make them the best choice. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are powerful, biodegradable, and ecologically friendly nanoparticles that have recently acquired popularity. This study highlights the current state of the art in this subject, with an emphasis on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of bio-based AuNPs. It emphasizes their usage in forensic science, air pollution monitoring, and environmental sample analysis. The challenges and restrictions of this growing discipline are discussed, as well as its future prospects. Finally, this review highlights the enormous potential of bio-based AuNPs as a sustainable solution for environmental and forensic applications, paving the path for a greener, more ecologically friendly future.