泰国曼谷大都市区的pm2.5结合金属：时间趋势、来源和人类健康挑战

Q2 Environmental Science

Environmental Challenges Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI:10.1016/j.envc.2025.101092

Mushtaq Ahmad , Phailin Thaveevong , Nishit Aman , Thawat Ngamsritrakul , Sirima Panyametheekul

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引用次数: 0

摘要

颗粒物（PM）由大小和形状各不相同的固体和液体颗粒组成。城市化对PM2.5浓度有显著影响，PM2.5是城市空气质量的一个指标。PM2.5含有金属元素，对人体健康和生态系统都有不利影响。在旱季（2023年10月至2024年1月）的4个月内，采用自动化x射线荧光分析仪连续测量pm2.5束缚金属元素。XRF分析仪（PX-375，堀场有限公司，日本京都）与连续颗粒监测仪相结合，测量PM2.5气溶胶的元素组成。PM2.5的质量是通过基于放射性碳的射线衰减法确定的。PMF模型和富集因子确定了pm2.5结合金属元素的潜在来源。PSCF模型用于确定曼谷市区PM2.5的来源区域。在泰国曼谷研究了重金属的潜在癌症、非癌症和生态风险。结果2024年1月PM2.5平均浓度相对高于其他研究月份。2023年10月PM2.5平均浓度为24.9±9.7µg/m3；2023年11月为23.1±9.5µg/m3；2023年12月为26.7±9.8µg/m3, 2024年1月为34.6±10.3µg/m3。在研究月份中，与PM2.5结合浓度最高的金属元素是S，其次是Ag、Te、Si、Pd、Cd、Hg、K、Ca、Fe、Bi、Al、Mg和Zn。Cu、Co、As、Ni、V、Mn、Ti的浓度较低。PMF分析和金属二元比表明，机动车排放、工业排放、建筑扬尘、煤炭和生物质燃烧是PM2.5的主要来源，与PM2.5结合的金属元素是PM2.5的主要来源。最富集的元素(EFs >；100)是V， As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn， Ni和Zn，这可以归因于一个重要的人为来源。在研究的几个月中，癌症和非癌症风险评估的结果表明，Cd通过吸入、皮肤接触和摄入暴露对成人和儿童具有致癌和非致癌风险。根据PSCF分析，曼谷市区的局部排放源是PM2.5质量的主要贡献者。结论曼谷地区PM2.5和PM2.5结合金属元素的日平均浓度明显高于世界卫生组织（WHO）规定的可接受限值。因此，有必要定期监测PM2.5污染，并采取措施降低PM2.5的高浓度。与PM2.5结合的金属元素对泰国气候的影响将通过使用该地区长期数据集的未来研究来确定。

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The PM2.5-bound metals in the metropolitan area of Bangkok, Thailand: Temporal trends, sources, and human health challenges

Background

Particulate matter (PM) is comprised of solid and liquid particles that vary in size and shape. Urbanization has significant effects on the concentration of PM_2.5, which is used as an indicator of urban air quality. PM_2.5, containing metal elements, has detrimental effects on both human health and ecosystems.

Methods and materials

An automated X-ray fluorescence analyzer are used to continuously measure PM_2.5-bound metal elements over four months in the dry season (October 2023 to January 2024). An XRF analyser (PX-375, Horiba Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) coupled with a continuous particulate monitor measures the elemental compositions of PM_2.5 aerosols. The mass of PM_2.5 is determined by using a beta-ray attenuation method based on radiocarbon. The PMF model and enrichment factor determine the potential sources of PM_2.5-bound metal elements. The PSCF model is used to determine the source regions of PM_2.5 in the urban area of Bangkok. Heavy metals are studied in Bangkok, Thailand, for their potential cancer, non-cancer, and ecological risks.

Results

The average concentration of PM_2.5 in January 2024 is relatively higher than in the other studied months. The PM_2.5 average concentration in October 2023 is 24.9 ± 9.7 µg/m³; in November 2023 is 23.1 ± 9.5 µg/m³; in December 2023 is 26.7 ± 9.8 µg/m³, and in January 2024 is 34.6 ± 10.3 µg/m³. During the studied months, the metal element with the highest concentration bound to PM_2.5 is S, followed by Ag, Te, Si, Pd, Cd, Hg, K, Ca, Fe, Bi, Al, Mg, and Zn. On the other hand, Cu, Co, As, Ni, V, Mn, and Ti had lower concentrations. The PMF analysis and binary ratios of metals show that vehicle emissions, industrial emissions, construction dust, coal and biomass combustion are the main sources of PM_2.5 and metal elements bound to PM_2.5. The most enriched elements (EFs > 100) are V, As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn, which can be attributed to a significant anthropogenic source. During the studied months, the results of cancer and non-cancer risk assessments showed that Cd poses both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to adults and children via inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion exposures. According to the PSCF analysis, the local emission sources in urban Bangkok are the major contributors to the PM_2.5 mass.

Conclusion

The daily mean concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM_2.5-bound metal elements in Bangkok are significantly higher than the acceptable limits specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, it is essential to monitor PM_2.5 pollution regularly and take action to reduce the high concentrations of PM_2.5. The impact of metal elements bound to PM_2.5 on the climate of Thailand will be determined through future research studies that use long-term datasets from this region.

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