Enhancing social acceptance of women’s mobility for equitable transport: Behavioural theories driven approach

Women’s mobility is hindered by socio-cultural norms, especially in developing countries, which limits their choices and opportunities for education and employment. This study aims to investigate social acceptance of women’s mobility and promote equitable transport services for women in Pakistan. A survey questionnaire was developed, incorporating the concepts of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Norm Activation Model, and was administrated online for data collection. A total of 478 responses were gathered and analysed utilizing the multivariate Structural Equation Modelling technique. The model results reveal that attitudes, subjective norms, and personal norms, are significant determinants of the social acceptance of women’s mobility. While perceived behavioural control does not emerge as a significant predictor of the social acceptance, it is a significant positive predictor in influencing perceived transport policies, which play a mediating role. Road users’ awareness and sense of responsibility are important in enhancing women’s mobility by improving their security and reducing harassment on roads and public transport. Society's confidence and social support for independent women travellers, as well as acceptance of women as drivers, are vital in improving their access to schools and workplaces. Other supportive transport policies, including preferred parking, dedicated facilities, and specialized carpooling programs, are recommended. The outcomes of this study hold significant implications for transport planners and decision-makers, offering valuable insights for the provision of equitable transport services for women.