Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for growth on xylose using an oxidative pathway

The fermentative production of valuable chemicals from lignocellulosic feedstocks has attracted considerable attention. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a promising microbial host, it lacks the ability to efficiently metabolize xylose, a major component of lignocellulosic feedstocks. The xylose oxidative pathway offers advantages such as simplified metabolic regulation and fewer enzymatic steps. Specifically, the pathway involves the conversion of xylose into 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate, which can be channeled into two distinct pathways, the Dahms pathway and the Weimberg pathway. However, the growth of yeast on xylose as the sole carbon source through the xylose oxidative pathway has not been achieved, limiting its utilization. We successfully engineered S. cerevisiae to metabolize xylose as its sole carbon source via the xylose oxidative pathways, achieved by enhancing enzyme activities through iron metabolism engineering and rational enzyme selection. We found that increasing the supply of the iron-sulfur cluster to activate the bottleneck enzyme XylD by BOL2 disruption and tTYW1 overexpression facilitated the growth of xylose and the production of ethylene glycol at 1.5 g/L via the Dahms pathway. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of xylonate dehydratases led to the identification of a highly active homologous enzyme. A strain possessing the Dahms pathway with this highly active enzyme exhibited reduced xylonate accumulation. Furthermore, the introduction of enzymes based on phylogenetic tree analysis allowed for the utilization of xylose as the sole carbon source through the Weimberg pathway. This study highlights the potential of iron metabolism engineering and phylogenetic enzyme selection for the development of non-native metabolic pathways in yeast.

• A 1.5 g/L ethylene glycol was produced via the Dahms pathway in S. cerevisiae.

• Enzyme activation enabled growth on xylose via both the Dahms and Weimberg pathways.

• Tested enzymes in this study may expand the application of xylose oxidative pathway.