Hot-melt extruded-FDM 3D-printed polyethylene oxide tablets: Dissolution imaging analysis of swelling and drug release.

Recent developments in pharmacogenetics have emphasised the importance of customised medication, driving interest in technologies like FDM 3D-printing for tailored drug delivery. FDM 3D-printing is a promising technique for the on-demand manufacturing of customised oral dosage forms, providing flexibility in terms of shape and size, dose and drug release profiles. This study investigates the fabrication and characterisation of 3D-printed oral dosage forms using PEO as the primary polymer and PEG 6 K as a plasticiser. Firstly, the printability of the PEO filaments with different propranolol hydrochloride concentrations was explored using the hot-melt extrusion technology. The influence of the propranolol hydrochloride concentrations on the mechanical properties of the filaments was examined was then examined after which surface characteristics, including roughness and wettability, were evaluated. Dissolution imaging was used to visualise the effects of drug content on the swelling and dissolution characteristics of the PEO-based 3D-printed tablets. Results showed a reduction in the flexural stress of the filaments with increasing drug load. It was also observed that increasing the drug load led to higher surface roughness and lower contact angles of the 3D-printed PEO tablets, implying increased surface hydrophilicity. The swelling behaviour of the tablets increased with higher drug concentrations, resulting in a larger gel layer formation. When comparing the drug release percentages, the release rate was higher in the 10 mg propranolol tablets, suggesting that a lower drug content led to a faster release. The greater gel layer of the 40 mg PPN tablets hindered the drug release by acting as a diffusion barrier, while the 10 mg PPN tablets, with less swelling and gel formation, experienced a faster drug release. These findings show the importance of drug content in modifying the surface properties, swelling behaviour, and drug release profiles of 3D-printed PEO tablets. The study also demonstrates the novel use of dissolution imaging for 3D-printed dosage forms, providing valuable quantitative and qualitative insights into swelling dynamics and channel formation to optimise 3D-printed tablets for drug delivery systems.