Longitudinal phage–bacteria dynamics in the early life gut microbiome

Microbial colonization of the human gut occurs soon after birth, proceeds through well-studied phases and is affected by lifestyle and other factors. Less is known about phage community dynamics during infant gut colonization due to small study sizes, an inability to leverage large databases and a lack of appropriate bioinformatics tools. Here we reanalysed whole microbial community shotgun sequencing data of 12,262 longitudinal samples from 887 children from four countries across four years of life as part of the The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. We developed an extensive metagenome-assembled genome catalogue using the Marker-MAGu pipeline, which comprised 49,111 phage taxa from existing human microbiome datasets. This was used to identify phage marker genes and their integration into the MetaPhlAn 4 bacterial marker gene database enabled simultaneous assessment of phage and bacterial dynamics. We found that individual children are colonized by hundreds of different phages, which are more transitory than bacteria, accumulating a more diverse phage community over time. Type 1 diabetes correlated with a decreased rate of change in bacterial and viral communities in children aged one and two. The addition of phage data improved the ability of machine learning models to discriminate samples by country. Finally, although phage populations were specific to individuals, we observed trends of phage ecological succession that correlated well with putative host bacteria. This resource improves our understanding of phage–bacteria interactions in the developing early life microbiome. Reanalysis of 12,262 longitudinal infant gut microbiome samples using the Marker-MAGu pipeline revealed phage–bacteria dynamics over the first year of life.