The Role of Machine Learning Approaches in Pediatric Oncology: A Systematic Review.

To enhance patient outcomes in pediatric cancer, a better understanding of the medical and biological risk variables is required. With the growing amount of data accessible to research in pediatric cancer, machine learning (ML) is a form of algorithmic inference from sophisticated statistical techniques. In addition to highlighting developments and prospects in the field, the objective of this systematic study was to methodically describe the state of ML in pediatric oncology. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to search for relevant studies on four distinct databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library). A total of 1536 relevant studies were retrieved to the EndNote library (Clarivate, Philadelphia, USA) where duplicates were removed and the rest of the studies were assessed for eligibility based on titles, abstracts, and the availability of full-text articles. After assessing the studies for eligibility, we found 42 studies eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. We found nine studies on liquid tumors, 13 on solid tumors, and 20 on central nervous system (CNS) tumors. ML goals included classification, treatment response prediction, and dose optimization. Neural networks, k-nearest neighbors, random forests, support vector machines, and naive Bayes were among the techniques employed. The identified studies' strengths included treatment response prediction and automated analysis that matched or outperformed physician comparators. Significant variation in clinical applicability, criteria for reporting, limited sample numbers, and the absence of external validation cohorts were among the common issues. We found places where ML can improve clinical care in manners that would not be possible otherwise. Even though ML has great promise for enhancing pediatric cancer diagnosis, decision-making, and monitoring, the discipline is still in its infancy, and standards and recommendations will support future research to guarantee robust methodologic design and maximize therapeutic applicability.