Medical thoracoscopy combined with intrapleural injection of urokinase for treatment of pleural infection-a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled study: study protocol.

Background: Pleural diseases is a common respiratory disorder, mainly characterized as pleural effusion and patients with pleural effusion caused by pneumonia and empyema constituted 29% of the cohort, which suggests pleural infection as the predominant etiology of pleural effusion in China. Medical thoracoscopy (MT) combined with intrapleural injection of Urokinase holds significant therapeutic value for patients with early to moderate-stage empyema. However, there remains a lack of high-quality evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of combining MT with intrapleural injection of Urokinase administration in patients with pleural infections.

Methods: This study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial involving patients with pleural infections. The intervention involves medical thoracoscopy. The control group receives conventional treatment involving intrapleural urokinase injection followed by chest tube placement for drainage. The study outcomes include efficacy and health economic benefits. The estimated minimum sample size for each group is 64 cases, totaling 128 cases. The study groups are delineated as follows: patients in group A receives intrapleural urokinase injection followed by chest tube placement for drainage, while patients in group B undergoes MT to remove multiple septa and necrotic tissue followed by chest tube placement for drainage, and then intrapleural urokinase injection the day after MT. It is recommended that the diameter of the chest tube be 12-14 F, with three daily flushes of 30 ml normal saline to ensure optimal drainage. Subsequently, comprehensive statistical analyses will be conducted to compare treatment effects and complications across all groups, ultimately leading to conclusive findings.

Discussion: The study is the first prospective, multicenter clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of medical thoracoscopy combined with intrapleural urokinase injection for the treatment of pleural infection. This study aims to offer clinical guidance for the management of pleural infection.

Registration number: ChiCTR2300078352 (Registration Date: 2023/12/06).