Patients with advanced cancer in Uganda: Gender, social norms, and family relationship icebergs in the face of terminal illness.

Objectives: Cancer is associated with physical, social, spiritual, and psychological changes in patients and their caregivers. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, there is lack of evidence on the impact of gender, social norms, and relationship dynamics in the face of terminal illness. The aim of this paper is to explore how gender identity, social norms, and power relations are impacted when a person is living in Uganda with advanced cancer.

Methods: Focus groups with adult men and women living with advanced cancer in Uganda were conducted. Interviews explored the social effects of cancer and common challenges, including how both disease and treatment affect the patient and marital relationships within their families. Participants' recommendations were sought to improve the social well-being of patients and their families. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results: Men and women experienced negative changes in their roles and identities, often feeling unable to fulfill their marital duties in terms of intimacy, their social roles and responsibilities based on societal expectations. Men expressed loss of a "masculine" identity when unable to provide economically for the household. This led to tension in the familial power dynamics, contributing to relationship breakdown and gender-based violence (GBV) against spouses. Women noted challenges with parenting, relationship breakdowns, and increased GBV.

Significance of results: Gender impacts the patient and the family dynamic throughout the life course, including during advanced cancer. Patients and caregivers experience a change in their roles and identities while coping with existential distress and end-of-life tasks. Given these results, gender considerations and dynamics should be incorporated into overall palliative care provision. In addition, there is a need to integrate GBV screening and support in cancer services to address social health and safety needs in the context of serious illness.