Waste not, want not: unlocking the innovative potential of organic and eco-friendly insect and algal resources for future aquaculture

The aquaculture industry urgently requires sustainable protein sources to address the environmental, economic, and ethical challenges of conventional fishmeal. Rising feed costs, particularly for protein-rich ingredients, highlight the need for cost-effective, high-quality, and resource-efficient alternatives. Insect-based feeds, such as black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, and microalgae have emerged as promising solutions. BSF larvae provide protein, lipids, and minerals, offering significant cost savings and enhanced growth in aquaculture species. Similarly, microalgae, rich in essential amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and pigments, supports digestibility and aquaculture sustainability while lowering production costs and environmental impacts. Microalgae biorefineries further promote a circular economy by maximizing resource utilization and minimizing waste. This review examines the potential of insect-based and microalgae feeds as sustainable alternatives to fishmeal, addressing their advantages and challenges. It emphasizes their role in enhancing aquaculture production, improving resource efficiency, and contributing to global food security.

Graphical abstract