Disparities in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Hospital Encounters Amongst a Texas-Based Cohort of Patients

Introduction

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) disproportionately impacts men, racial and ethnic minorities, and individuals of low socioeconomic status; however, it's unclear how recent increases in ALD burden have impacted these disparities. We aimed to describe trends in racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in alcohol-associated hospital encounters.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult hospital encounters with alcohol-associated diagnoses from three health systems between January 2016 and December 2021. The cohort was divided into three eras: a ‘Historical Era,’ (Oct 2016—June 2018, used only for trends); ‘Era 1’ (July 2018—March 2020); and ‘Era 2’ (April 2020—December 2021). Kaplan Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with overall survival.

Results

We identified 19,295 individuals with alcohol-associated encounters (44.7% White, 29.8% Hispanic, and 21.8% non-Hispanic Black (NHB) individuals), with a greater increase observed between eras 1 and 2 than the historical era and Era 1 (8.7% vs. 5.0%, p < 0.01). By age and sex, the greatest increases in encounters were observed in the youngest and oldest females but only the oldest males. By race and ethnicity, Hispanic individuals had greater increases in encounters compared to Black and White individuals (14.8% vs. 7.5% and 6.3%, p < 0.01). Older age (aSHR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.03–1.0), higher MELD (aSHR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.0–1.09), hepatic encephalopathy (aSHR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.06–1.90), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (aSHR: 3.20, 95% CI: 2.29–4.49) were associated with increased mortality.

Conclusion

The highest increases of alcohol-associated encounters were observed amongst young Hispanic and NHB women, highlighting variation in trends by age, sex, race and ethnicity. These disparities merit further investigation to elucidate underlying mechanisms and develop tailored interventions to improve ALD burden and outcomes.