Phenotypic analysis of complex bioengineered 3D models.

With advances in underlying technologies such as complex multicellular systems, synthetic materials, and bioengineering techniques, we can now generate in vitro miniaturized human tissues that recapitulate the organotypic features of normal or diseased tissues. Importantly, these 3D culture models have increasingly provided experimental access to diverse and complex tissues architectures and their morphogenic assembly in vitro. This review presents an analytical toolbox for biological researchers using 3D modeling technologies through which they can find a collation of currently available methods to phenotypically assess their 3D models in their normal state as well as their response to therapeutic or pathological agents.