The impact of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with cancer: emerging themes.

Purpose of review: This review summarizes recent literature falling broadly under the topic of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the oncology setting, highlighting emerging themes and emphasizing novel explorations.

Recent findings: Meta-analyses continue to confirm safety and efficacy of n-3 PUFA supplementation on reducing inflammation and improving survival in people with cancer. Common themes in recent studies emphasize improving tumor-directed efficacy and reducing toxicities of common cancer therapies. New areas of interest include the impact of n-3 PUFA when combined with immunotherapies and applications in pediatric acute lymphoid leukemia. Novel assessments include specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, the intestinal microbiome and psychological well being. A variety of clinically relevant outcomes including nutritional status, toxicities and survival are being explored in ongoing clinical studies.

Summary: Evidence confirms the safety of n-3 PUFA for patients with cancers, as well as benefits in some, but not all areas of exploration. Larger, well designed trials with biological assessment of compliance compared to the prescribed n-3 PUFA dose would strengthen the evidence needed to integrate n-3 PUFA recommendations into clinical practice for patients with cancer.