Therapies in Exotic Animal Gastroenterology.

This article reviews treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in exotic companion mammal species, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Treatment of GI stasis involves fluids, nutrition, and analgesia; there is minimal evidence suggesting prokinetics are useful. Research has evaluated the efficacy of various appetite stimulants in several exotic animal species. Although rabbits and rodents cannot vomit, maropitant may be beneficial by providing visceral analgesia. Gastroprotectants may be indicated for patients at risk for GI ulceration, such as anorexic psittacine birds. Immunosuppressives may be indicated for GI neoplasia and inflammatory bowel disease.