A review of boron oxide glasses infused with individual oxides of lanthanide elements: for their physical, structural, optical, and gamma shielding properties

Boron oxide is an efficient glass former as it melts at a lower temperature, has thermal stability, clear optical visibility, and the proficiency to accommodate a wid e selection of dopants. This review investigates the assimilation of lanthanide series elements (La, Dy, Yb, Sm, Eu) in boron-based glass matrices, highlighting their influence on the physical, thermal, and optical-based properties. The high atomic number and unique 4f-4f transitions of lanthanide elements make them particularly valuable for enhancing glass properties. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential of these doped glasses in practical applications, such as radiation shielding and advanced optical devices, offering new insights for solving current technological challenges.