Insights into pubertal development: a narrative review on the role of epigenetics.

Purpose: Puberty is a key phase of growth and development, characterized by psychophysical transformations. It is driven by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental variables. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone post-translational modifications and chromatin remodeling, microRNAs, and DNA methylation, play important roles in orchestrating the developmental processes. We describe environmental factors that may interact with genetics, and factors influencing puberty onset, focusing in particular on epigenetic mechanisms that can help understand the timing and variations that lead to precocious or delayed puberty.

Methods: We conducted a narrative review of associations between puberty and epigenetic mechanisms through a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.

Results: The chromatin landscape of genes as KISS1 has revealed dynamic changes in histone modifications as puberty approaches, influencing the stimulation or inhibition of gene expression critical for reproductive maturation. MiRNAs regulate gene expression, whereas DNA methylation affects activation or repression of gene transcription of genes involved in pubertal timing. Moreover, studies in animal models have provided insights into the role of DNA methylation and miRNAs in brain sexual differentiation, highlighting the active involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in shaping sexually dimorphic brain structures.

Conclusion: This review highlights the importance of understanding the complex interplay between epigenetic regulation and pubertal development, which can lead to new therapeutic options and shed light on the fundamental processes driving reproductive maturation.