Clinical importance of borderline proteinuria in nonazotemic cats and evaluation of other risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease

Background

Borderline proteinuria is associated with decreased survival in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Objectives

Determine the clinical importance of borderline proteinuria in nonazotemic cats.

Animals

A total of 201 healthy client-owned cats ≥7 years of age; 150 nonproteinuric (urinary protein : creatinine ratio [UPC] <0.2) and 51 borderline proteinuric (UPC 0.2-0.4).

Methods

Prospective study. Cats were thoroughly screened and subsequently examined every 6 months for 2 years. Kaplan-Meier curves were compared between nonproteinuric and borderline proteinuric cats. Univariable and multivariable Cox models were fit to determine the relationship between development of renal disease and potential risk factors such as age, sex, breed, weight, dental disease, blood pressure, serum creatinine concentration (sCrea), serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration (sSDMA), blood urea nitrogen concentration, urine specific gravity (USG), and UPC.

Results

Significantly more cats with borderline proteinuria at inclusion developed renal disease (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] ≥ stage 2 CKD or renal proteinuria; log-rank P = .004) or died (log-rank P = .02) within 2 years, compared with nonproteinuric cats. In the multivariate analysis, IRIS stage 1 CKD (persistent USG <1.035 or sSDMA >14 μg/dL; hazard ratio [HR], 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-8.8; P < .001), sCrea ≥1.6 mg/dL (≥140 μmol/L; HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.4; P = .04), borderline proteinuria (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.2; P = .01), and age at inclusion (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5; P < .001) were significantly associated with diagnosis of renal disease 6 months later.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Borderline proteinuria should receive more attention in healthy mature adult and senior cats because it is associated with renal disease and death.