Spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants and fire outbreaks in the Pantanal biome from 2016 to 2021.

Pantanal fires have a significant impact on the environment. Anthropogenic emissions of residual gases have changed the tropospheric composition in this region due to burning. This study aims to analyze the spatial patterns of atmospheric pollutants (including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and aerosol optical depth, along with fire outbreaks across the Pantanal biome from 2016 to 2021. The data collected is based on remote sensing data. The fire outbreaks peaked pollutant concentrations reached their highest between June to November, particularly during the drier months of August to October. This increase was even greater during the last three years (2019-2021), especially in 2020, when the average CO, NO2, SO2, BC, and OC concentrations increased by 29%, 31%, 50%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. The rainfall values do not justify the increase in the number of fire outbreaks between 2019 and 2021, indicating that the rise is likely due to increased burning. In 2021, the average monthly rainfall was 48% greater than that in 2016-2020 but it had the highest FRP value and the second highest fire outbreak number and pollutant concentration. The 2020 year experienced a record number of fire outbreaks and the highest levels of pollutants in the atmosphere in the region for this period.