Recent advances in atomically dispersed M–N–C coupled Pt-based oxygen reduction catalysts

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have garnered significant attention as a sustainable energy conversion technology amidst the escalating consumption of fossil fuels. Although Pt-based catalysts are effective in oxygen reduction reactions, their limited availability and high Pt content pose challenges to the wide adoption of PEMFCs. Improving the activity and durability of Pt-based catalysts is essential for lowering Pt consumption, cutting costs, and increasing the fuel cell's efficiency and power density. Recently, atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–NC) coupled platinum-based catalysts have received attention as highly promising options due to their superior performance and stability. This review explores the advancements in M–NC coupled platinum-based catalysts, encompassing various supports, alloys, and intermetallic compounds. The optimization strategies for these catalysts, spanning preparation methods, structural composition, and catalytic efficacy, are also discussed. In addition, this review discusses the comprehensive optimization strategy of the M–NC coupled platinum-based oxygen reduction catalyst, focusing on various aspects such as the preparation process, structural composition, and catalytic performance. Additionally, we offer insights into the future advancement of M–NC coupled platinum-based oxygen reduction catalysts, emphasizing this method as a potential avenue to enhance efficiency.