Saskia Desiree Mesquida-Pesci, Abraham Morales-Cruz, Silvia Rodriguez-Pires, Rosa Figueroa-Balderas, Christian James Silva, Adrian Sbodio, Elia Gutierrez-Baeza, Petros Martin Raygoza, Dario Cantu, Barbara Blanco-Ulate
{"title":"根瘤菌(Rhizopus stolonifer)在引起成熟水果软腐病时表现出坏死性。","authors":"Saskia Desiree Mesquida-Pesci, Abraham Morales-Cruz, Silvia Rodriguez-Pires, Rosa Figueroa-Balderas, Christian James Silva, Adrian Sbodio, Elia Gutierrez-Baeza, Petros Martin Raygoza, Dario Cantu, Barbara Blanco-Ulate","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-03-24-0081-R","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rhizopus stolonifer</i> is known for causing soft rot in fruit and vegetables during postharvest. Although it has traditionally been considered a saprophyte, it appears to behave more like a necrotrophic pathogen. In this study, we propose that <i>R. stolonifer</i> invades host tissues by actively killing host cells and overcoming the host defense mechanisms, as opposed to growing saprophytically on decaying plant matter. We tested this hypothesis by characterizing <i>R. stolonifer</i> infection strategies when infecting four fruit hosts (tomato, grape, strawberry, and plum). We started by generating a high-quality genome assembly for <i>R. stolonifer</i> using PacBio sequencing. This led to a genome size of 45.02 Mb, an N50 of 2.87 Mb, and 12,644 predicted loci with protein-coding genes. Next, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify genes that <i>R. stolonifer</i> preferentially uses when growing in fruit versus culture media. We categorized these infection-related genes into clusters according to their expression patterns during the interaction with the host. Based on the expression data, we determined that <i>R. stolonifer</i> has a core infection toolbox consisting of strategies typical of necrotrophs, which includes a set of 33 oxidoreductases, 7 proteases, and 4 cell wall degrading enzymes to facilitate tissue breakdown and maceration across various hosts. This study provides new genomic resources for <i>R. stolonifer</i> and advances the knowledge of <i>Rhizopus</i>-fruit interactions, which can assist in formulating effective and sustainable integrated pest management approaches for soft rot prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"<i>Rhizopus stolonifer</i> exhibits necrotrophic behavior when causing soft rot in ripe fruit.\",\"authors\":\"Saskia Desiree Mesquida-Pesci, Abraham Morales-Cruz, Silvia Rodriguez-Pires, Rosa Figueroa-Balderas, Christian James Silva, Adrian Sbodio, Elia Gutierrez-Baeza, Petros Martin Raygoza, Dario Cantu, Barbara Blanco-Ulate\",\"doi\":\"10.1094/PHYTO-03-24-0081-R\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p><i>Rhizopus stolonifer</i> is known for causing soft rot in fruit and vegetables during postharvest. Although it has traditionally been considered a saprophyte, it appears to behave more like a necrotrophic pathogen. In this study, we propose that <i>R. stolonifer</i> invades host tissues by actively killing host cells and overcoming the host defense mechanisms, as opposed to growing saprophytically on decaying plant matter. We tested this hypothesis by characterizing <i>R. stolonifer</i> infection strategies when infecting four fruit hosts (tomato, grape, strawberry, and plum). We started by generating a high-quality genome assembly for <i>R. stolonifer</i> using PacBio sequencing. This led to a genome size of 45.02 Mb, an N50 of 2.87 Mb, and 12,644 predicted loci with protein-coding genes. Next, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify genes that <i>R. stolonifer</i> preferentially uses when growing in fruit versus culture media. We categorized these infection-related genes into clusters according to their expression patterns during the interaction with the host. Based on the expression data, we determined that <i>R. stolonifer</i> has a core infection toolbox consisting of strategies typical of necrotrophs, which includes a set of 33 oxidoreductases, 7 proteases, and 4 cell wall degrading enzymes to facilitate tissue breakdown and maceration across various hosts. This study provides new genomic resources for <i>R. stolonifer</i> and advances the knowledge of <i>Rhizopus</i>-fruit interactions, which can assist in formulating effective and sustainable integrated pest management approaches for soft rot prevention.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":20410,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Phytopathology\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-12-17\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Phytopathology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-24-0081-R\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"PLANT SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Phytopathology","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-24-0081-R","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PLANT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Rhizopus stolonifer exhibits necrotrophic behavior when causing soft rot in ripe fruit.
Rhizopus stolonifer is known for causing soft rot in fruit and vegetables during postharvest. Although it has traditionally been considered a saprophyte, it appears to behave more like a necrotrophic pathogen. In this study, we propose that R. stolonifer invades host tissues by actively killing host cells and overcoming the host defense mechanisms, as opposed to growing saprophytically on decaying plant matter. We tested this hypothesis by characterizing R. stolonifer infection strategies when infecting four fruit hosts (tomato, grape, strawberry, and plum). We started by generating a high-quality genome assembly for R. stolonifer using PacBio sequencing. This led to a genome size of 45.02 Mb, an N50 of 2.87 Mb, and 12,644 predicted loci with protein-coding genes. Next, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify genes that R. stolonifer preferentially uses when growing in fruit versus culture media. We categorized these infection-related genes into clusters according to their expression patterns during the interaction with the host. Based on the expression data, we determined that R. stolonifer has a core infection toolbox consisting of strategies typical of necrotrophs, which includes a set of 33 oxidoreductases, 7 proteases, and 4 cell wall degrading enzymes to facilitate tissue breakdown and maceration across various hosts. This study provides new genomic resources for R. stolonifer and advances the knowledge of Rhizopus-fruit interactions, which can assist in formulating effective and sustainable integrated pest management approaches for soft rot prevention.
期刊介绍:
Phytopathology publishes articles on fundamental research that advances understanding of the nature of plant diseases, the agents that cause them, their spread, the losses they cause, and measures that can be used to control them. Phytopathology considers manuscripts covering all aspects of plant diseases including bacteriology, host-parasite biochemistry and cell biology, biological control, disease control and pest management, description of new pathogen species description of new pathogen species, ecology and population biology, epidemiology, disease etiology, host genetics and resistance, mycology, nematology, plant stress and abiotic disorders, postharvest pathology and mycotoxins, and virology. Papers dealing mainly with taxonomy, such as descriptions of new plant pathogen taxa are acceptable if they include plant disease research results such as pathogenicity, host range, etc. Taxonomic papers that focus on classification, identification, and nomenclature below the subspecies level may also be submitted to Phytopathology.