Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Insights into the Potential of Mitragyna speciosa for Alzheimer's Disease.

Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil (MS) has a traditional use in relieving pain, managing hypertension, treating cough, and diarrhea, and as a morphine substitute in addiction recovery. Its potential in addressing Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition with no effective treatments, is under investigation. This study aims to explore MS mechanisms in treating AD through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro studies. Using network pharmacology, we identified 19 MS components that may affect 60 AD-related targets. The compound-target network highlighted significant interactions among 60 nodes and 470 edges, with an average node degree of 15.7. The KEGG enrichment analysis revealed Alzheimer's disease (hsa05010) as a relevant pathway. We connected 20 targets to tau and β-amyloid proteins through gene expression data from the AlzData database. Docking studies demonstrated high binding affinities of MS compounds like acetylursolic acid, beta-sitosterol, isomitraphylline, and speciophylline to AD-related proteins, such as AKT1, GSK3B, NFκB1, and BACE1. In vitro studies showed that ethanolic (EE), distilled water (DWE), and pressurized hot water (PHWE) extracts of MS-treated 100 μM H₂O₂-induced SH-SY5Y cells significantly reduced oxidative damage. This research underscores the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway effects of MS on AD, providing insights for future research and potential clinical applications.