Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS): Clinical Report.

I. introduction and background: The sudden onset of severe behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in children is a frightening and potentially life-changing situation. The pediatric health care providers and clinicians to whom families turn need guidance on how to accurately diagnose and treat new-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms in children. They need expert guidance about whether these symptoms indicate a diagnosis compatible with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS). The cause of PANS is unknown, but it is theorized to be triggered, in some cases, by a recent infection and/or autoimmunity issues (similar to Sydenham chorea, autoimmune encephalitis [AE], and Guillain-Barré syndrome). The condition is challenging from a clinical perspective, because it lacks disease-specific biomarkers, strong evidence for pathogenic causes, and consensus on treatment of clinical symptoms. Further, the evidence base for PANS encompasses multiple subspecialties, including child and adolescent psychiatry, pediatric rheumatology, pediatric neurology, pediatric infectious diseases, pediatric immunology, and developmental-behavioral pediatrics.Given this complexity, there is a clear need for guidance and advice for pediatric clinicians and the families they serve and support. To that end, with the encouragement of the Board of Directors, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has developed this clinical report. It focuses primarily on PANS, an umbrella condition that encompasses pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Although PANDAS is, by definition, associated with streptococcal infection,1 it is now considered by many to represent a subset of the larger spectrum of infection-induced acute-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms.2,3 This clinical report was developed after a comprehensive literature review and analysis of the findings. Because they are limited by the present level of evidence on the topic, the findings are presented as a report rather than a clinical practice guideline. The contents are intended to aid the pediatric health care provider in evaluating, diagnosing, and treating sudden-onset and severe behavioral changes in children that could indicate potential PANS and in supporting these children and their families.