Gender as a contextual factor in quality of life of cancer survivors: A literature review.

Background Cancer survivorship brings numerous challenges extending beyond physical health to include psychological, social, and functional aspects that define the quality of life (QoL) of survivors. Although recognizing that diverse gender experiences lead to different ways of coping with these challenges, many clinical trials fail to account for the distinct constructs of 'sex' and 'gender,' often conflating the two. This review highlights how gender-related aspects can manifest in core QoL domains for cancer survivors, emphasizing the importance of inclusive and effective support systems and interventions. Summary While interest in the impact of gender is increasing in cancer survivor research, the terms 'sex' and 'gender' as still often conflated in research. Gender is a social concept consisting of multiple dimensions, such as gender identity, gender roles and norms and gender relations. Each of these dimensions can have a distinct impact on the quality of life domain of cancer survivors. Research indicates that not gender identity, but gender roles, norms and relations can significantly influence coping behaviors that, subsequently, impact quality of life domains such as physical, emotional, social and role functioning. Understanding the interplay of gender roles, norms and their relations with other contextual social factors is crucial for developing inclusive and effective support systems and interventions for cancer survivors.