Norovirus detection technologies: From conventional methods to innovative biosensors.

The norovirus (NoV), known for its high contagion rate, is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. The development of a NoV vaccine is hindered by significant antigenic variation, lack of suitable models, unknown vaccine protection duration, limited human challenge studies, complex performance patterns, and the absence of a reliable in vitro cultivation system, making prevention, early detection, and control the only effective measures to mitigate outbreaks. This review aims to discuss about several norovirus biosensor for point-of-care analysis. Several innovative biosensors have been developed, including techniques such as electrochemical NoV biosensors, colorimetric NoV biosensors, fluorescence NoV biosensors, CRISPR-based NoV biosensors, and other NoV biosensors. These approaches have detected norovirus in biological samples with high sensitivity and specificity. This biosensing technique holds significant promise, not only in improving the speed and accuracy of diagnostic processes but also in strengthening the global response to norovirus infections, thereby underscoring its pivotal role in public health and disease prevention.