Integrating traditional and biotechnological innovations for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in dairy farming in China

The dairy industry is an important contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study evaluates the potential for reducing GHG emissions from a typical large-scale dairy farm in the cold climate zone of northern China by integrating traditional and innovative biotechnologies. We conducted a life cycle assessment comparing a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario with a low-carbon dairy combined biotechnologies (LCBT) scenario. The BAU scenario reflects current practices, while the LCBT scenario incorporates integrated soil–crop system management (ISSM), methane inhibitors in cattle feed, and the use of microalgae and insects for manure treatment. The BAU scenario's total GHG emissions were 208.9 Gg CO₂eq, with enteric fermentation accounting for 55%. The LCBT scenario demonstrated a 50% reduction in GHG emissions, achieving a net emission of 105.1 Gg CO₂eq. Around half of the reduction is contributed by advanced biotechnology. Energy consumption increased under the LCBT scenario due to the high energy demands of insect and microalgae treatment processes, highlighting the need for a transition to clean energy, which may further reduce the emissions to 28% of that in BAU. The study underscores the potential of a comprehensive approach that combines sustainable agricultural practices with biotechnological advancements to reduce the carbon footprint of dairy farming. Policy implications include the need for regulatory support and incentives to facilitate the adoption of these technologies, particularly in cold climate regions where energy consumption for maintaining biological processes is a critical factor.