Biological implications of decoding the extracellular matrix of vulva cancer.

The present review aimed to elucidate the roles of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the progression of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) and explore potential therapeutic avenues for this type of malignancy. This exploration holds promise for identifying precise molecular targets within the ECM milieu, thus facilitating the development of innovative therapeutic modalities tailored to disrupt these interactions and ultimately improve patient outcomes in VSCC. The dysregulated ECM serves as a potent driver of SCC tumor progression, orchestrating key processes such as angiogenesis, inflammation and stromal cell behavior. Yet, the exploration of ECM role in VSCC is still in its early stages. Recent research highlights the critical role of ECM organization and expression within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in influencing key aspects of VSCC, including tumor staging, grading, metastasis, invasion and patient survival. Cancer‑associated fibroblasts play a pivotal role in this dynamic by engaging in reciprocal interactions with VSCC cells, leading to significant ECM alterations and creating an immune‑suppressive TME. This hinders antitumor immunity and fosters therapeutic resistance in VSCC treatment. The dysregulated ECM in VSCC drives tumor progression, metastasis and affects patient survival. Targeting ECM, along with emerging therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade, offers promise for improved VSCC treatment outcomes.