Heavy metals pollution of Pescara River (southern Italy): Risk assessment based on total reflection X-ray fluorescence analyses

This study evaluates heavy metal (Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb, and As) contamination in the Pescara River, Italy, using Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence, focusing on the impact of Bussi landfills. Analyses revealed that most heavy metals exceed WHO drinking water standards, particularly in upstream areas near industrial sites. Pollution indices resulted: Nemerow Pollution Index (0.43–23.75), Contamination Factor (0.09–104.49), Pollution Load Index (0.14–5.83), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (1.01–1304). Ecological Risk Index identified severe ecosystem threats in one-third of samples, while Human Health Risk Assessment revealed substantial non-carcinogenic risks with Hazard Quotients exceeding safety thresholds for both adults (3.57) and children (2.00). Specific concerns emerge for children's exposure due to their enhanced vulnerability to heavy metal toxicity. Water Quality Index classified 46.6 % of samples as “Very Poor” for drinking purposes. Principal component analysis and Pearson's correlation indicated anthropogenic sources as primary contributors, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable management strategies.