Start-up of Anammox-HAP in IC reactors: Revelation of sludge characteristics and microbial community structure.

The scarcity of seed sludge poses a significant barrier to the advancement of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) process. In this investigation, two alternative sludge (anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) and activated flocculent sludge (AFS)) were employed to start up the anammox process in internal circulation (IC) reactors with the hydroxyapatite (HAP) strategy. Both reactors achieved rapid start-up on days 83 and 53, respectively. Subsequently, a nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 1.34 gN/L/d was attained at a nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 1.39 gN/L/d on days 107 and 81 correspondingly. The analysis of granular properties revealed that the anammox granular sludge (AMXGS) transformed from AGS exhibited superior granular size distribution and settling performance. Furthermore, the assessment of microbial community structure demonstrated that inoculating AFS was capable of enriching anammox bacteria (AnAOB) in a shorter time. Last but most importantly, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the distinct granulation routes of AGS and AFS. AGS predominantly underwent a "broken-adsorption-granulation" process, whereas AFS exhibited not only a typical "adsorption-granulation" process but also a "biofilm growth-granulation" cycle process. The findings of this study offer a novel approach for quickly initiating anammox process when inoculating alternative sludge.