Comprehensive Overview of Interface Strategies in Implant Osseointegration

With the improvement of implant design and the expansion of application scenarios, orthopedic implants have become a common surgical option for treating fractures and end-stage osteoarthritis. Their common goal is rapidly forming and long-term stable osseointegration. However, this fixation effect is limited by implant surface characteristics and peri-implant bone tissue activity. Therefore, this review summarizes the strategies of interface engineering (osteogenic peptides, growth factors, and metal ions) and treatment methods (porous nanotubes, hydrogel embedding, and other load-release systems) through research on its biological mechanism, paving the way to achieve the adaptation of both and coordination between different strategies. With the transition of the osseointegration stage, interface engineering strategies have demonstrated varying therapeutic effects. Especially, the activity of osteoblasts runs almost through the entire process of osseointegration, and their physiological activities play a dominant role in bone formation. Furthermore, diseases impacting bone metabolism exacerbate the difficulty of achieving osseointegration. This review aims to assist future research on osseointegration engineering strategies to improve implant-bone fixation, promote fracture healing, and enhance post-implantation recovery.