Growth, structural adaptations, and physiological dynamics of Alternanthera tenella Colla. toward lead toxicity.

Anthropogenic activities have accelerated lead (Pb) accumulation across different trophic levels in the ecosystem. This study focused on the physiological mechanisms of an invasive plant, Alternanthera tenella in a controlled hydroponic setting to understand its response to Pb stress. A. tenella was exposed to 680 µM of lead acetate for 21 days, showing high tolerance (83%) with minimal growth inhibition. Pb exposure altered macro- and micronutrient concentrations, suggesting essential mineral reallocation to enhance stress tolerance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed Pb²⁺ depositions in the vacuoles and cell walls of root (∼14%) and leaf (∼3%) cells, a key mechanism for reducing Pb toxicity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that Pb²⁺ ions interacted with hydroxyl (-OH) and amide (CO-NH) groups, important for metal ion complexation. Physiological responses included increased proline, malondialdehyde, protein degradation, and elevated catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (POD) activity. A. tenella accumulated 46,866.92 mg/kg DW of Pb, primarily in roots (2682.5 mg/kg DW), with limited Pb translocation to shoots, suggesting a protective mechanism. High biological concentration (BCF 19.04) highlight its potential for Pb phytostabilization. These findings are specific to hydroponic conditions, and further research is needed to assess its phytoremediation potential in field conditions.