Highly sensitive and selective detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 using optically-active nanocomposite-coated melt-blown masks

Detection of viruses, including coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), via facile, fast, and optical methods is highly important to control pandemics. In this regard, optically-active nanomaterials and nanoparticles (NPs) are a wise choice due to their long-term stability, ease of functionalization, and modifications. In this work, a nanocomposite based on NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) and ZIF-67 metal-organic framework (MOF) was designed and synthesized, and decorated on the surface of the melt-blown mask. The developed nanocomposite has a fluorescence emission at 625 nm. The selectivity of the nanocomposite towards the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 was increased by adding CuO NPs. The limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 nM and 24.5 nM against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 was recorded by NiFe LDH@ZIF-67@CuO nanocomposite, and NiFe LDH@ZIF-67@CuO decorated on the surface of melt-blown. Also, in the presence of potential competitors and other types of pathogens, including Influenza virus types A and B, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and even cations/macromolecules, the fluorescence intensity changes had more than 40 % difference.