Effect of workplace bullying on self-esteem with moderating role of defense styles: a study among pharmacists in Sanaa, Yemen.

Background: Workplace bullying is a widespread occurrence that has been identified as a significant concern in enterprises all around the world. The research aimed to examine the impact of workplace bullying on self-esteem among pharmacists with the moderating role of defense styles.

Method: This study utilised stratified random sampling to include 498 pharmacists from public and private hospitals in Sanaa, Yemen. Data was collected through structured questionnaires on demographics, workplace bullying (NAQ-R), self-esteem (Rosenberg scale), and defense styles (DSQ-40). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, regression, correlation, T-tests, and moderation analysis.

Results: Results of the current study showed that workplace bullying has a significant negative impact on self-esteem, and defense styles do not moderate self-esteem and workplace bullying. Female pharmacists have higher workplace bullying and lower self-esteem. Gender differences in defense styles have insignificant results.

Conclusion: This research supports overcoming workplace bullying among employees in any organisation. Comprehensive anti-bullying policies must be developed and implemented to create a safe and supportive workplace for pharmacists. Anti-bullying strategies that promote gender equality address power disparities and guarantee that female employees have access to particular resources for support should incorporate gender-sensitive practices. In order to reduce the adverse effects of workplace bullying on mental health and boost the self-esteem of victims by offering counseling services, frequent training sessions, and seminars. It is also helpful in enhancing self-esteem and improving interpersonal relationships among employees.