Multifunctional Fluorescent Probes Unveiling Complex Pathways in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder with a progressive nature, posing challenges in diagnosis and treatment. It is characterized by the formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which have been the focus of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Despite decades of research, the elusive nature of AD has made it difficult to develop widely recognized diagnostic and treatment methods. However, recent advances have led to new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques targeting Aβ and tau. These technologies aim to address gaps in our understanding by targeting biomarkers using multifunctional fluorescent organic-molecule-based theranostics. There is a leading hypothesis that Aβ and its oligomers are crucial pathogenic features in AD-afflicted brains. Metals found in Aβ plaques have been linked to AD, contributing to oxidative stress and stabilizing toxic Aβ oligomers. Drug research is addressing AD’s diverse toxicity, including protein aggregation, metal toxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and neuroinflammation. Drug development is adopting multifaceted approaches, focusing on the intricate interaction of AD contributors. Diverse diagnostic techniques and innovative drug development tactics are crucial for AD diagnosis and therapy advances.