Dynamic Processes at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface: Implications for Lithium Deposition Stability

Lithium (Li) metal is a promising negative electrode material for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries, owing to its exceptional specific capacity, low electrochemical potential, and low density. However, challenges such as dendritic Li deposits, leading to internal short-circuits, and low Coulombic efficiency hinder the widespread adoption of lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). These issues stem from the morphological instability of Li deposition, influenced by dynamic processes at the electrolyte|Li interface. Understanding the interplay between electrolyte properties, interfacial kinetics, and Li deposition stability is crucial yet challenging due to their simultaneous occurrence and the complexity of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. This review discusses three key dynamic processes influencing Li deposition: desolvation of Li⁺ ions, transport through the SEI, and electrochemical reduction. The effects of electrolyte properties on these processes and their interplay with electroplating stability are discussed, highlighting contradictions in the literature and proposing explanations for the discrepancies. Despite numerous reviews on SEI structure and composition effects, this article emphasizes the kinetic aspects at interfaces, aiming to provide clarity and direction for future research in achieving stable Li deposition in LMBs.