Uso de la ecografía clínica en atención primaria: hematuria

Hematuria is a frequent entity in primary care. The differential diagnosis covers multiple causes: physiological, pharmacological, false hematuria and urological pathologies, being fundamental in its study to assess the possible malignant neoplastic causes.

Urologic ultrasound is a non-invasive technique, using a 3.5-5 MHz concave probe, with the patient lying supine and the bladder full. After anamnesis, physical examination, study of urinarium sediment and laboratory analysis to determine renal function, ultrasound allows the family doctor to confirm or rule out a large number of processes related to the etiology of hematuria: cysts and kidney masses, renal lithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, polyps or vesical masses... However, this alone is not sufficient to establish a firm diagnosis in all cases.

Currently, there is no general consensus about the most appropriate diagnostic sequence in the study of hematuria, and several clinical guidelines were chosen for the application of different strategies depending on the risk factors. However, ultrasound together with cystoscopy has been positioned as the most cost-effective diagnostic strategy in most cases.

The use of ultrasound in the evaluation of the patient with hematuria in primary care allows a valuable diagnostic approach to be made, detecting warning signs and properly orienting the patient's referral to other levels, if necessary, early.