Advances in dual-function bioprobes for simultaneous detection of transition metal ions (Fe, Cu, Zn) and bioactive species

As the most prevalent transition metals, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) hold significance across a wide variety of essential biological functions in living systems, and aberrant expression of these substances is commonly associated with multiple diseases. Additionally, diverse bioactive species are intricately connected with these metals, engaging in sophisticated interactions within their biological systems. Dual detection of these metal ions and associated analytes is crucial for understanding their mechanism in many biological processes and diseases. However, a comprehensive review of such probes capable of simultaneously detecting these species is lacking. This review offers an in-depth look at the latest advances in dual-functional biosensors for simultaneous visualization of these metal ions and associated cellular components, focusing on the design principles, sensing mechanisms, optical characteristics, and imaging capabilities for the first time. This in-depth review may facilitate the invention of more effective multifunctional fluorescent probes, which will promote new progress in the early clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases and further explore more life events.