Single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with radiative heat transfer over a porous medium: Featuring of Darcy–Forchheimer and thermal conductivity

The present work is motivated by the need to enhance thermal conductivity, making them useful in cooling systems for electronics, automotive radiators, and heat exchangers. Single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are renowned for their exceptional thermal conductivity, making them promising candidates for heat transfer enhancements. Two sorts of carbon nanotubes are reflected here i.e. single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are considered here. SWCNTs & MWCNTs have numerous applications in fluid mechanics. The purpose of the current investigation is to consider a classical problem of Navier’s Stokes equations and develop a mathematical for 3D Darcy–Forchheimer flow of SWCNTs & MWCNTs carbon nanotubes over a stretchy surface with variable thermal conductivity and convective boundary constraints. The impact of thermal radiation, rotational effect, and velocity slip are also taken into account in the present model. A suitable transformation approach was implemented to convert the non-dimensional governing partial differential equation (PDEs) to ordinary differential equation (ODEs) ones. The transformed versions of the highly nonlinear coupled PDEs are drafted by adopting numerical scheme with Bvp4c MATLAB package. The ranges of the parameters used are: $(0.1<\Omega <1.2)$, $(0.1<K<1.2)$, $(0.1<\mathrm{Fr}<1.2)$, $(0.0<\varphi <0.3)$, $(0.1<є<1.5)$, $(0.1<\mathrm{Rd}<1.2)$, $(0.1<\mathrm{Bi}<1.5)$ and $(0.1<\lambda <1.5)$. Outcomes of the various flow factors like rotational parameters, Prandtl number, velocity slip parameter, inertia coefficient, Biot number, variable thermal conductivity, and radiation parameter on velocity, temperature profiles are illustrated graphically and in the form of tables. Our inquiry authenticates the current results, fluid temperature rises due to the innovation of the rotational parameter. Current findings would be extremely beneficial for rheological control, enhancement of mechanical properties and drag reduction.