伊朗进口大米中的金属污染物：致癌和非致癌健康风险的综合评估

IF 3.6 3区医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI:10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127568

Samira Eslamizad , Maryam Alehashem

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引用次数: 0

摘要

大米是伊朗的主食，伊朗需要从印度和巴基斯坦大量进口以满足需求。然而，进口大米已被发现含有有害水平的重金属，构成健康风险。本研究旨在评估进口大米中34种金属的含量，并评估伊朗人口的相关健康风险。方法采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）对从印度、巴基斯坦和泰国进口到伊朗市场的60份大米样品中34种金属进行分析。这些金属包括致癌元素——砷（As）、铅（Pb）、镍（Ni）和镉（Cd），以及非致癌元素：钠（Na）、铁（Fe）、钾(K)、钙（Ca）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镁（Mg）、铂（Pt）、硅（Si）、金（Au）、硼(B)、铋（Bi）、钨(W)、锡（Sn）、钼（Mo）、铬（Cr）、钡（Ba）、锶（Sr）、铝（Al）、硒（Se）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）、锑（Sb）、钛（Ti）、镧（La）、锂（Li）、钒(V)、铍（Be）、钯（Pd）和汞（Hg）。通过目标危害商（THQ）、危害指数（HI）、终生递增癌症风险（ILCR）、累积癌症风险（∑ILCR）和暴露边际（MOE）等方法对食用大米的健康风险进行评估。结果1个样品的Cd和5个样品的Pb含量均超过了伊朗标准与工业研究所规定的最高浓度。研究发现，接触砷和镉平均浓度的成年人患癌症的风险高于10万分之一，而接触铅和镍的风险高于1万分之一。在儿童中，砷和镉的平均浓度超过10⁻⁴，表明存在中等风险；铅和镍的平均浓度达到千分之一，强调需要加强公共卫生安全措施。此外，成人和儿童的所有金属的∑ILCR都超过了10⁻⁴阈值。在成人和儿童中，砷、铅和镍的平均、中位数和第90百分位暴露的MOE值低于10,000，表明大米消费对健康有重大影响。结论：这些发现强调了食用被重金属，特别是砷污染的大米的潜在健康风险。因此，应特别注意监测和减少进口大米中的有毒金属含量，并采取旨在减轻这些风险的干预措施。

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Metal contaminants in rice imported to Iran: A comprehensive assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks

Background

Rice is a staple food in Iran, where significant imports from India and Pakistan are necessary to meet demand. However, imported rice has been found to contain harmful levels of heavy metals, posing health risks.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the levels of 34 metals in imported rice and evaluated the associated health risks for the Iranian population.

Methods

Sixty samples of rice imported into the Iranian market from India, Pakistan, and Thailand were analyzed for 34 metals using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The metals included carcinogenic elements-Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd)-and non-carcinogenic: Sodium (Na), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Magnesium (Mg), Platinum (Pt), Silicon (Si), Gold (Au), Boron (B), Bismuth (Bi), Tungsten (W), Tin (Sn), Molybdenum (Mo), Chromium (Cr), Barium (Ba), Strontium (Sr), Aluminum (Al), Selenium (Se), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Antimony (Sb), Titanium (Ti), Lanthanum (La), Lithium (Li), Vanadium (V), Beryllium (Be), Palladium (Pd), and Mercury (Hg). The health risks associated with the consumption of rice were assessed through the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), cumulative cancer risk (∑ILCR), and Margin of Exposure (MOE) approaches.

Results

The analysis revealed that the Cd level in 1 sample and Pb levels in 5 samples exceeded the maximum concentrations established by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. The risk of cancer in adults exposed to As and Cd at mean concentrations was found to be higher than 1 in 100,000, while for Pb and Ni, the risk was greater than 1 in 10,000. In children, the ILCR for As and Cd at mean concentrations exceeded 10⁻⁴, indicating a moderate risk level, and for Pb and Ni, it reached 1 in 1000, emphasizing the need for enhanced public health safety measures. Additionally, ∑ILCR from all metals in both adults and children exceeded the 10⁻⁴ threshold. The MOE values for mean, median, and 90th percentile exposure to As, Pb, and Ni were below 10,000 in adults and children, indicating a significant health concern from rice consumption.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the potential health risks of consuming rice contaminated with heavy metals, particularly arsenic. Therefore, special attention should be directed towards monitoring and reducing toxic metal levels in imported rice, with interventions aimed at mitigating these risks.

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来源期刊

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 医学-内分泌学与代谢

CiteScore

6.60

自引率

2.90%

发文量

202

审稿时长

85 days

期刊介绍： The journal provides the reader with a thorough description of theoretical and applied aspects of trace elements in medicine and biology and is devoted to the advancement of scientific knowledge about trace elements and trace element species. Trace elements play essential roles in the maintenance of physiological processes. During the last decades there has been a great deal of scientific investigation about the function and binding of trace elements. The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology focuses on the description and dissemination of scientific results concerning the role of trace elements with respect to their mode of action in health and disease and nutritional importance. Progress in the knowledge of the biological role of trace elements depends, however, on advances in trace elements chemistry. Thus the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology will include only those papers that base their results on proven analytical methods. Also, we only publish those articles in which the quality assurance regarding the execution of experiments and achievement of results is guaranteed.