Sustainable bio-fabrication of Ni/Mn co-doped ZnO nanoparticles using Simarouba glauca leaf extract: Evaluation of non-cytotoxic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-tubercular, anti-bacterial properties, anti-oxidant and hyaluronidase inhibition activities

Metal oxide nanomaterials, notably ZnO NPs, have emerged as pivotal components in various industries due to their exceptional properties. This study focuses on enhancing the bioactive properties of ZnO NPs by co-doping them with Ni and Mn, employing a cost-effective and eco-friendly synthesis method utilizing S. glauca leaf extract as a bio-reductant. Characterization techniques including PXRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and UV–Visible were utilized to analyse the synthesized NPs. The research evaluated the anti-carcinogenic anti-tubercular and anti-bacterial activities. Cytotoxicity of the NPs was examined towards general mammalian cells and yeast cells. Antioxidant activity was determined by Free radical scavenging, Power to reduce ferric ions and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Also examined the potential of NPs to inhibit the Hyaluronidase enzyme activity, that breaks down Hyaluronic acid and helps in the prognosis of tumour metastasis. Results revealed, significant impacts on these biological processes, highlighting the relevance of our findings for cytotoxicity assessment, therapeutic applications, and biomedical advancements. Results indicated promising potential for Ni and Mn-doped ZnO NPs across various biomedical applications, demonstrating enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antimicrobial efficacy, antioxidant properties, and enzyme-inhibitory effects. The study concludes that the doped NPs offer versatile functionalities, paving the way for further exploration and development in biomedical and clinical applications, with potential implications for improving healthcare and patient outcomes.