The engineering of CO2 hydrogenation catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis

Anthropogenic CO₂ emissions have drawn significant attention in recent years. Using CO₂ as feedstock for chemical processes has become a key solution in overall closed carbon cycles for a vision of a circular carbon economy. CO₂ hydrogenation to higher alcohols has emerged as one of the most promising CO₂ conversion pathways for mitigating CO₂ emissions and producing value-added chemicals. The present review critically discusses the most recent cutting-edge catalyst development in higher alcohol synthesis (HAS), focusing on the influence of different metals, promoters, and supports according to the contributions of different active species in modern catalyst configurations. Particularly, the critical roles of oxygen vacancies and the reaction mechanisms shed light on the rational design of the next-generation CO₂ hydrogenation catalysts.