Advances and Challenges in the Development of Immobilized Enzymes for Batch and Flow Biocatalyzed Processes.

The development of immobilized enzymes both for batch and continuous flow biocatalytic processes has gained significant traction in recent years, driven by the need for cost-effective and sustainable production methods in the fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries. Enzyme immobilization not only enables the recycling of biocatalysts but also streamlines downstream processing, significantly reducing the cost and environmental impact of biotransformations. This review explores recent advancements in enzyme immobilization techniques, covering both carrier-free methods, entrapment strategies and support-based approaches. At this regard, the selection of suitable materials for enzyme immobilization is examined, highlighting the advantages and challenges associated with inorganic, natural, and synthetic organic carriers. Novel opportunities coming from innovative binding strategies, such as genetic fusion technologies, for the preparation of heterogeneous biocatalysts with enhanced activity and stability will be discussed as well. This review underscores the need for ongoing research to address current limitations and optimize immobilization strategies for industrial applications.