Exploiting the synergy of SARIMA and XGBoost for spatiotemporal earthquake time series forecasting

Earthquakes are vibrations that occur on the surface of earth, generating fires, ground shaking, tsunamis, landslides and cracks. These incidents can cause severe damage and loss of life. Accurate earthquake forecasts are critical for anticipating and mitigating these hazards, which can avoid damage to buildings and infrastructure and save lives. To address the challenges given by earthquakes probabilistic nature, this paper presents a hybrid SARIMA–XGBoost approach to earthquake magnitude prediction. The suggested technique consists of a two-step process: an exploration phase that uses exploratory data analysis, which includes descriptive statistics and data visualisation, and a prediction phase that focusses on forecasting future earthquakes. Using a large significant earthquake dataset spanning 1965–2023, the study intends to gain insights and lessons for more effective earthquake prediction methods. Further, in a comparison analysis, the results of SARIMA-XGBoost model are compared to those of traditional ARIMA and SARIMA models. The results highlight the superior performance of the hybrid SARIMA–XGBoost model, showcasing a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.038, a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0040, and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.068. These metrics collectively underscore the model's enhanced accuracy in forecasting earthquake magnitudes. The notably low values of MAE, MSE and RMSE indicate that our hybrid approach significantly improves prediction accuracy compared to alternative models. By integrating SARIMA's time series (TS) analysis with XGBoost's machine learning (ML) capabilities, the hybrid model reduces forecasting errors more effectively, demonstrating its clear advantage in precision.