光电倍增管中无源分压器的影响：分析模型、模拟和实验验证

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI:10.1016/j.sna.2024.116057

Pablo Martín-Luna , Daniel Esperante , José Vicente Casaña , Antonio Fernández Prieto , Nuria Fuster-Martínez , Iris García Rivas , Benito Gimeno , Damián Ginestar , Daniel González-Iglesias , José Luis Hueso , Hannah Andrea Leptin , Gabriela Llosá , Pablo Martinez-Reviriego , Jaime Riera , Pablo Vázquez Regueiro , Fernando Hueso-González

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引用次数: 0

摘要

通过开发内部蒙特卡罗模拟代码，研究了光电倍增管（PMT）中无源电阻分压器网络的影响，并与实验测量结果和分析模型进行了比较。模拟代码采用迭代程序，考虑了电子在器件内的传输和放大，这取决于电极电压产生的静电场。作为光电阴极电流和电源电压的函数，对 PMT 增益、动态电极电压、上升时间和传输时间进行了研究。分析模型、模拟结果和使用 Hamamatsu R13408-100 PMT 进行的大量实验测量结果之间取得了良好的一致性。仿真结果支持在分析模型中使用对数函数，以考虑到最后一级阳极的收集效率。这项研究加深了对无源分压器的理解，并开发出一种先进的光电倍增管行为电路模型。尽管已对单个光电倍增管进行了验证，但所提出的方法适用于任何光电倍增管模型。这有助于优化全主动分压器的设计，以应用于高计数率的极脉冲应用，如质子治疗过程中的快速伽马射线成像。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

Effects of the passive voltage divider in a photomultiplier tube: Analytical model, simulations and experimental validation

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Effects of the passive voltage divider in a photomultiplier tube: Analytical model, simulations and experimental validation

The effects of the passive resistive voltage divider network in a photomultiplier tube (PMT) have been investigated by developing an in-house Monte Carlo simulation code and compared with experimental measurements and an analytical model. The simulation code follows an iterative procedure that takes into account the transport and amplification of the electrons within the device depending on the electrostatic fields produced by the electrode voltages. The PMT gain, dynode voltages, rise time and transit time have been studied as a function of the photocathode current and supply voltage. A good agreement between the analytical model, the simulations and numerous experimental measurements using a Hamamatsu R13408-100 PMT has been obtained. The simulation results endorse the use of logistic functions within the analytical model to account for the collection efficiency in the last dynode stages. This works deepens the understanding of passive voltage dividers and develops an advanced behavioral circuit model of photomultiplier tubes. Although validated for a single PMT, the proposed methodology is applicable to any PMT model. This aids in optimizing the design of fully active voltage dividers, to be applied in extremely pulsed applications with high count rates such as prompt gamma-ray imaging during proton therapy.

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来源期刊

Sensors and Actuators A-physical 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

6.50%

发文量

630

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Sensors and Actuators A: Physical brings together multidisciplinary interests in one journal entirely devoted to disseminating information on all aspects of research and development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical regularly publishes original papers, letters to the Editors and from time to time invited review articles within the following device areas: • Fundamentals and Physics, such as: classification of effects, physical effects, measurement theory, modelling of sensors, measurement standards, measurement errors, units and constants, time and frequency measurement. Modeling papers should bring new modeling techniques to the field and be supported by experimental results. • Materials and their Processing, such as: piezoelectric materials, polymers, metal oxides, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, thick and thin films, optical glass fibres, amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. • Optoelectronic sensors, such as: photovoltaic diodes, photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, positron-sensitive photodetectors, optoisolators, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and liquid-crystal displays. • Mechanical sensors, such as: metallic, thin-film and semiconductor strain gauges, diffused silicon pressure sensors, silicon accelerometers, solid-state displacement transducers, piezo junction devices, piezoelectric field-effect transducers (PiFETs), tunnel-diode strain sensors, surface acoustic wave devices, silicon micromechanical switches, solid-state flow meters and electronic flow controllers. Etc...