Next-generation counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells: A comprehensive overview

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) offer a promising avenue for efficient solar energy conversion, owing to their affordability and ease of production. A crucial component in DSSC architecture is the counter electrode (CE), which plays a fundamental role in facilitating electron transfer and ensuring circuit continuity. This review comprehensively surveys the characteristics, techniques, and advancements in DSSC counter electrodes. Beginning with an exploration of solar energy conversion principles, we underscore the pivotal role of DSSCs in harnessing renewable energy. The significance of high-performance counter electrodes is emphasized, necessitating materials with superior catalytic activity, conductivity, and stability. We provide an in-depth analysis of various counter electrode types, encompassing carbon-based, metal-based, and emerging nanostructured materials like carbon nanotubes. Evaluation criteria include synthesis methods, electrochemical properties, and applicability to DSSCs. Additionally, we delve into diverse preparation techniques, ranging from conventional electrodeposition to advanced methods like chemical vapor deposition. Analysis of synthesis conditions sheds light on morphology and performance optimization strategies. Finally, we outline prospects and challenges in DSSC counter electrodes, highlighting research avenues such as novel material development, synthesis technique enhancement, and multifunctional integration. These insights aim to propel DSSC technology towards widespread commercialization.