Recent progress on bismuth-based materials for full-spectrum-driven photocatalysis

Expanding the light response range of photocatalysts is a potent strategy for enhancing photocatalytic activity. Recently, full-spectrum bismuth-based photocatalytic materials have garnered significant attention for the ability to utilize a broad range of light sources for photocatalysis. The tunability of the band structure and composition of bismuth-based materials was achieved by the introduction of defects, doping, the incorporation of up-conversion materials, loading of SPR metals, sensitization, and the construction of heterostructures. Meanwhile, in situ characterization techniques and theoretical calculations have also been used to explore the structure and catalytic mechanism of full spectrum bismuth-based materials. Additionally, machine learning methods based on literature database have been rapidly utilized to search for and then fabricate full-spectrum photocatalytic materials. However, the large-scale preparation and photocatalytic stability of full-spectrum bismuth-based photocatalytic materials pose limitations to the implementation of photocatalytic industrialization. This review outlines the challenges and issues facing the development, preparation, and application of full-spectrum bismuth-based materials in the future, providing significant insights into environmental remediation and energy conversion.