Unveiling the dynamics of agriculture greenhouse gas emissions: The role of energy consumptions and natural resources

Nearly every country has committed to minimizing its energy emissions and sharing climate change research, particularly on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the association between renewable (REN) and non-renewable (NREN) energy consumption, total natural resources (TNR), and agricultural greenhouse gas (AGHG) emissions in Pakistan. This study employs a novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (DYNARDL) simulation model to estimate the long- and short-term causality among study variables using data from 1990 to 2022. In addition, our study uses a kernel-based regularized least-squares technique to check the robustness of the DYNARDL findings. Our empirical findings show that the use of renewable energy and natural resources decreases, whereas the utilization of nonrenewable energy increases AGHG emissions in the long run. DYNARDL simulations also show that a positive (+10 %) counterfactual shock change in the projected renewable energy and natural resources leads to a decrease in AGHG emissions, whereas the utilization of NREN leads to increase the AGHG emissions. This study implies that policymakers and stakeholder should rise the share of REN energy and ensure sustainable utilization of natural resources to enhance agricultural sustainability.