Next-generation probiotics delivery: innovations and applications of single-cell encapsulation

Probiotics have demonstrated significant health benefits, particularly in gastrointestinal health, but their viability is often compromised by environmental stress during production, storage, and transit through the digestive system. Traditional encapsulation techniques, such as spray drying and freeze-drying, have limitations in protecting probiotics. Recently, single-cell encapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy, providing individualized protection to each probiotic cell. This technique enhances stability, ensures targeted release in the gastrointestinal tract, and improves overall therapeutic effectiveness. This review explores the latest advancements in single-cell encapsulation, focusing on innovative wall materials, such as amino acids, Eudragit, and polyphenol complexes. Additionally, it discusses emerging applications in areas beyond gut health, including cancer therapy and bioimaging. Despite its potential, challenges remain in scaling production and ensuring efficacy in human trials. Addressing these issues could pave the way for next-generation probiotics with enhanced therapeutic capabilities.