GHG emissions intensity analysis. Case study: Bioethanol plant with cogeneration and partial CO2 recovery

This study evaluates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity of anhydrous ethanol produced in a corn bioethanol plant located in Córdoba, Argentina. The plant integrates advanced technologies such as cogeneration through a steam turbine and partial CO₂ recovery for food-grade use, which significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the production process. The calculated emission intensity is 27.57 gCO₂e/MJ, placing it in the lower range compared to the European Directive RED II benchmark (30.3–67.8 gCO₂e/MJ). Sensitivity analysis shows that without CO₂ recovery, emissions would be 30.92 gCO₂e/MJ, while a 50 % recovery reduces emissions to 17.92 gCO₂e/MJ, and a 100 % recovery could achieve as low as 4.93 gCO₂e/MJ. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of CO₂ recovery technologies in minimizing emissions in bioethanol production. Additionally, the study explores the potential of implementing economic incentives to promote carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies in Argentina. Incentives such as tax deductions, a National Clean Energy Fund, preferential financing, and the creation of a carbon market are proposed to support CCS adoption. By integrating these measures, Argentina could significantly enhance the sustainability of its bioethanol production, reduce GHG emissions, and attract investments in clean technologies. The results provide a benchmark for future comparisons and underscore the importance of continuous technological innovation to improve the environmental performance of biofuels.