Precision oncology in head and neck cancers: From molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic strategies

Neck neoplasms encompass a diverse group of malignancies, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), thyroid cancer, salivary gland tumors, and lymphomas. Recent advancements in molecular biology and immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment landscape for these cancers. Personalized medicine, guided by genomic profiling and biomarker-driven therapies, has emerged as a promising approach to improve patient outcomes. In HNSCC, targeted therapies focusing on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway have shown efficacy. Additionally, immunotherapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have demonstrated durable responses in advanced HNSCC. For thyroid cancer, BRAF V600E and RET/PTC rearrangements have been identified as potential therapeutic targets, with BRAF and RET inhibitors showing promising results. In salivary gland tumors, androgen receptor signaling and HER2 expression have emerged as potential targets for personalized treatment. Lymphomas of the neck have benefited from the use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Immunotherapy, particularly PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and adoptive cell therapy, has shown encouraging outcomes across various neck neoplasms. Combination therapies, such as concurrent chemoradiotherapy and targeted therapy with chemotherapy, have further improved treatment efficacy. However, challenges remain in identifying reliable biomarkers for predicting treatment response and overcoming resistance to cancer therapies. Ongoing clinical trials and research efforts are crucial for refining personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes in neck neoplasms.